In an effort to tackle climate change, India plans to construct 100 GW of solar energy system by 2030. However, a study published in Environmental Research Letters cautions that high pollution could affect solar panel efficiency and lead to decreased solar photovoltaic (SPV) performance. Using CMIP6 climate models, IIT Delhi researchers examined data and predicted a 3.3% drop in SPV performance by 2041–2050. This reduction might result in 600–840 GWh of power losses annually, seriously jeopardising India’s renewable energy goals.

Climate Change and High Pollution Could Affect Solar Panel Efficiency

The research examined two cases: moderate measures to tackle air pollution and climate change and strict pollution controls alongside less aggressive climate initiatives. In the first case, anticipated losses in solar power generation (SPV) are expected to be higher due to solar dimming from aerosols as well as increasing temperatures. It is predicted that the temperatures of solar panel cells, which work best at temperatures below 45°C, will surpass this limit for 18 to 26 days each year by the middle of the century. Data from 1985 to 2014 already indicates temperature fluctuations between 15°C and 50°C, highlighting the growing threat of efficiency losses due to heat.

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Regional Variability in Solar Potential

India receives 300 sunny days a year; however, the amount of solar energy that is accessible is decreasing due to aerosol-driven solar dimming. High pollution could affect solar panel efficiency most significantly in areas with high solar irradiation, such as the northwest, which are predicted to experience the greatest losses on sun-rich days crucial for SPV performance. On the other hand, with strict pollution control efforts, the northeastern area may experience a minor increase in solar radiation due to reduced cloud cover. Overall, it is anticipated that the electricity grids in the north, west, and south—which are home to the majority of solar parks—will encounter serious efficiency issues, underscoring regional differences in solar potential.

Addressing Efficiency Losses

The research highlights the necessity of combining clean air initiatives with climate action. “Curbing air pollution can reduce radiation-induced losses, while urgent climate action can mitigate temperature-induced losses,” stated Sagnik Dey, one of the co-authors. Improving climate resilience in solar infrastructure is vital for sustaining efficiency, enhancing energy output, and meeting India’s renewable energy objectives. Local strategies need to tackle particular geographic challenges to ensure the enduring sustainability of India’s solar aspirations in the face of increasing environmental pressures. With solar energy being a key component of India’s sustainable growth strategy, tackling climate and pollution issues will be vital for achieving a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.

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